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作者:Jeffrey S. Schneider
Incoming Mail from Overseas to China bearing Large Dragons Stamps

We have recorded twenty-two incoming covers from overseas countries franked with Large Dragons stamps to pay the domestic postage. These were mailed between 1878 and 1885. Since China was not a member of the Universal Postal Union (U.P.U.), mail sent from overseas to cities in China beyond the initial port of entry, usually Shanghai, was normally subject to Chinese domestic postage for onwards carriage to its final destination. There were certain exceptions, such as subscriber’s mail, mail matter addressed to northern China to which a “To Pay” instructional handstamp was applied at Shanghai as an indication to the appropriate local postal authority that the internal postage needed to be collected from the addressee, and mail matter exempt from ordinary postage but with Large Dragons stamps still applied.

This last mentioned category of mail exempted from ordinary postage mainly concerned official mail, including mail matter to or from members of the Customs service and their dependents. During the years 1879 - 1882, Large Dragons stamps had been affixed to such mail, and the cost of the stamps accounted for on a separate ledger (Account A) denoting the expense of carrying such mail matter for which the Customs was responsible. More a bookkeeping exercise than anything else, this cumbersome practice was eliminated by Circular No. 204 (Second Series) issued by Sir Robert Hart, Inspector General of Customs, Peking, 22 December 1882, which established the system of specific markings for each Customs office denoting Customs mail exempt from ordinary postage, with such handstamps to be applied in lieu of postage stamps. It is, therefore, important to note that of the twenty-two recorded examples of incoming mail franked with Large Dragons, all except two or three could be definitively classified as mail to Customs officials or its institutions.

Mail from the United States of America

1.)1878 (20 Dec.) envelope from Warren, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. to J.F. Oiesen, I.M. Customs, Shanghai bearing U.S. 5c. blue, with Large Dragons 1ca. (2) and 3ca. with sheet margin at right applied on arrival and cancelled by “Customs/ Shanghai” double-ring d.s. of “Feb 6 79” in red.

Provenance and Auction Record

Dr. Warren G. Attwood, Harmer, Rooke & Co. (New York), 7.10.1952, lot 4

“Japan and Far East featuring Pacific Mail” Richard Wolffers (Tokyo), 11.3.1978, lot 46

Mizuhara Meiso, Spink (Hong Kong), 17.1.2016, lot 1682

References

Mizuhara, Meiso, The Magnificent Collection of Chinese Stamps. Second Series. Vol. I. “U.S. Postal Activities in China.” (Tokyo: Japan Philatelic Publications, 1982), p. 37. James B. Whang, A Comprehensive Illustration on Covers of the Large Dragons (Taipei: Whang’s Philatelic Foundation, 1997), pp. 57-58.

This is not only the earliest recorded incoming cover bearing Large Dragons, but also, more importantly, the earliest combination cover with Large Dragons either to or from China.

Although the envelope does not have any transit markings leaving the U.S.A. nor entry markings such as that of the U.S. Postal Agency in Shanghai, this was not an unusual occurrence for such outgoing American mail. A similar phenomenon is that of the 1885 U.S. 1c. uprated postal stationery card sent from New York to the Customs Library at Wenchow, also lacking U.S. and foreign transit markings, which is dealt with later in this paper (cover no. 22).

The envelope is addressed to J.F. Oiesen at the Imperial Maritime Customs, Shanghai. Oiesen was a Dane who was employed by the Customs and was stationed in Tientsin at the time. Such mail to Customs officials during this period was often times addressed and sent to the central Customs office in Shanghai and then forwarded on to Tientsin by the Customs Postal Department, which handled official mail.

The envelope is franked with Large Dragons 1ca. (2) and 3ca., which represents payment of domestic postage to Tientsin, where Oiesen was stationed. It is believed that the red cancellations in use during this early period denoted incoming, rather than official, mail. Since the sea route to Tientsin was partly blocked by ice, the cover was sent by the winter overland route. According to the “Postal Notification” of 1 November 1878, the 5 candarins franking corresponded to the Class II postal route and rate, which was for mail conveyed partly by steamer and partly by land; or solely by land but the distance exceeding 200 English miles.

In actual fact, this is the earliest example of mail matter bearing Large Dragons sent by the winter overland route and the only such recorded cover sent by the winter overland service during the 1878-79 inaugural season.

Mail from Great Britain, 1879-80

The following fourteen covers are from the Hancock correspondence. These were sent from Belfast, Harrogate or Lurgan (12), being addressed to William Hancock at Kiungchow (Hainan), the Inspectorate of Customs in Shanghai, or the Imperial Customs in Peking. Those letters addressed to Shanghai were actually redirected to Peking, even though not so endorsed. In addition, there is a further cover mailed from Singapore to Hancock in Peking (see cover no. 19), thus making a total of fifteen Large Dragons combination covers recorded from this correspondence. These were mailed between 25 September 1879 and 30 December 1880.

Of these fourteen envelopes originating from Great Britain, twelve were mailed at the single overseas rate of 4 pence, 5 pence or 6 pence, and nine were charged inland postage of 3 candarins, while the other three were charged at the double rate of 6 candarins for inland postage. The two further envelopes were mailed from Great Britain at the double rate of 10 pence or 11 pence (overpaid by 1 penny), and both were charged 6 candarins inland postage.

William Hancock began his more than thirty year service with the Imperial Maritime Customs on 1 July 1874 as 4th Clerk B at the Chefoo Customs, and his last posting was as Acting Commissioner in Yochow in 1905. He was granted leave later that same year, until his resignation in early 1908. Following his initial posting at Chefoo, Hancock served at Peking and Ningpo, and then he was assigned to Kiungchow from 1 April 1878 until 31 August 1879. Following his posting at Kiungchow, he spent one month in Shanghai, after which he took up the position of 3rd Assistant A at the Inspectorate General of Customs at Peking from 1 October 1879, while also studying the Chinese language.1

2.)1879 (26 Sept.) envelope from Lurgan, Ireland to William Hancock, Kiungchow, Hainan redirected to Peking, bearing Great Britain 3d. pair, showing “Singapore/to Hong Kong/B” (26.10) marine sorter and “Hong Kong” (13.11) transit c.d.s. on reverse, with Large Dragons 3ca., cancelled by Tientsin small type 1 seal, matching “Customs/Tientsin” double-ring d.s. of “Nov 23 79” on reverse.

Provenance

James B. Whang, Christie’s Swire (Hong Kong), 2.11.1994, lot 1793

Reference

James B. Whang, pp. 102-103.

Lee King Yue, “Selected Treasures of Large Dragon Covers”, Asian Philatelist, Vol. 1 (April 2010), p. 36.

The British postage of 6d. paid the U.P.U. premium rate for ½ ounce letters sent via Brindisi. There also is an 1879 (26 June) envelope to Hancock at Kiungchow (during the time he was actually there) “Via Marseille” and Hong Kong (5.8) bearing Great Britain 4d. sage-green paying the standard U.P.U. rate for this route (“Emerald” collection, David Feldman (Geneva), 15.5.2003, lot 40716). Since Kiungchow was a British Treaty Port, the carriage from Hong Kong to Kiungchow, which took one day, was included in the 4d. rate.

1 Directorate General of Posts, Ministry of Communications, Republic of China, The Revenue Surcharges China 1897, Vol. II (Taipei, 1987), p. 916.

Originally addressed to Kiungchow, Hainan Island, which is in the south of China, the envelope was carried on the P & O steamer “Pera” on 29 September from Brindisi to Alexandria (2.10), then by joint P & O steamer at Suez (3.10) to Galle (16.10), from where it was transferred to the P & O “Teheran” on 19 October, stopping at Singapore on the 26th and arriving in Hong Kong on 1 November. Since the mail had been sorted in Singapore, confirmed by the appropriate “Singapore to Hong Kong” marine sorter c.d.s., there was no need for a Hong Kong arrival c.d.s. Upon arrival in Hong Kong, it was then placed on a private ship to Hainan (according to China Mail, the S.S. “Hainan” left for Hoihow on 6 November), where the address was crossed out in red and Peking written (the officials at Kiungchow knowing that Hancock had moved to Peking), then sent back to Hong Kong (13.11 c.d.s.) on the S.S. “Kiungchow” from Hoihow on 12 November.2

The difference of more than two weeks between the marine sorter and Hong Kong dater lends credence to this theory. From Hong Kong, it was probably placed on a ship to Shanghai in a sealed mail bag and then transferred to a ship for the Shanghai to Tientsin leg, since there are no ship or sailings records for a direct service from Hong Kong to Tientsin among surviving contemporary listings; however, this cannot be determined with certitude. 3

3.) 1879 (8 Oct.) envelope from Belfast to William Hancock, Inspectorate of Customs, Shanghai via Bangor (8.10) and Hong Kong (17.11) bearing Great Britain line engraved 2d. blue and surface printed 4d. sage-green, with Large Dragons 3ca., cancelled by “CPD” framed h.s., matching “Customs/Shanghai” double-ring d.s. of “Nov 22 79” and manuscript “Recd. 28 Nov.” on reverse.

Provenance and Auction Record

Sir Percival David, Robson Lowe (Basel), 26.10.1970, lot 542 George Alevizos (Santa Monica), 8-9.2.1979, lot 2106

“Ming”, Corinphila (Zurich), 29.9.1988, lot 4106

Lam Man Yin

References

James B. Whang, pp. 105-106.

The British postage of 6d. paid the U.P.U. premium rate for ½ ounce letters sent via Brindisi.

Addressed to Hancock at the Inspectorate of Customs in Shanghai while he was actually serving in Peking, this is an extremely important example of mail to Customs officials addressed and sent to the central Customs Office in Shanghai, and then forwarded on to Peking via Tientsin by the Customs Postal Department. This is the only recorded example of a Large Dragons stamp on cover cancelled by the “C.P.D.” (Customs Postal Department) framed handstamp and provides irrefutable proof that such official mail was actually handled by the Customs Postal Department.

4.) 1879 (18 Dec.) envelope from Lurgan to William Hancock, Imperial Customs, Shanghai “via Southampton” and Hong Kong (9.2.80) bearing Great Britain 4d. sagegreen, showing “Customs/Shanghai” double-ring entry d.s. of “Feb 15 80”, with Large Dragons 3ca. sheet margin pair, Setting I [4-5], cancelled by “Customs/ Shanghai” double-ring d.s. of “Feb 16 80”, manuscript “Rcd. 10 Mar ‘80”, carried by the winter overland service to northern China.

Provenance

Sir Percival David, Robson Lowe (London), 13.11.1969, lot 2006

James B. Whang, Christie’s Swire (Hong Kong), 2.11.1994, lot 1796

References

Prize Selections from the Rocpex Taipei ‘81 (1982), p. 59. James B. Whang, pp. 116-117.

The British postage of 4d. paid the U.P.U. standard rate for ½ ounce letters. Since Hancock was still in Peking at this time, the envelope was sent onwards to Peking, but, for some inexplicable reason, Chinese postage was added at the 6ca. inland double rate. The difference in rates between the two countries was probably due to a discrepancy in calculating weights for postage.

2 Sailings provided by courtesy of Dr. Andrew Cheung.

3 James B. Whang, in contrast, considered this to be the only recorded Large Dragons combination cover entering China through Tientsin and not Shanghai.

5.) 1880 (5 Feb.) envelope from Lurgan to William Hancock, Imperial Customs, Shanghai “via Brindisi” and Hong Kong (16.3) redirected to Peking bearing Great Britain 2d. and 4d., showing “Customs/Shanghai” doublering entry d.s. of “Mar 21 80”, with Large Dragons 3ca. cancelled by “Customs/Shanghai” double-ring d.s. of “Mar 22 80”, manuscript “Rcvd. 27 Mar ‘80” on reverse.

Provenance

Carl Kilgas

References

Prize Selections from the Rocpex Taipei ‘81 (1982), p. 59.

James B. Whang, pp. 126-127.

The British postage of 6d. paid the U.P.U. premium rate for ½ ounce letters sent via Brindisi.

6.) 1880 (19 Feb.) envelope from Lurgan to William Hancock, Imperial Customs, Peking via Hong Kong (30.3) bearing Great Britain 6d., showing “Customs/Shanghai” double-ring entry d.s. of “Apl 4 80”, with Large Dragons 3ca. vertical pair, Setting I [7/12], cancelled by “Customs/ Shanghai” double-ring d.s. of “Apl 5 80”, manuscript “Rcd. 12 Apr ‘80” on reverse.

Provenance and Auction Record

Corinphila (Zurich), 1-6.6.1981, lot 2333

Woo Lo-Yuan, Sotheby’s (London), 16.12.1994, lot 28

Zurich Asia (Hong Kong), 7.12.2004, lot 28

References

Prize Selections from the Rocpex Taipei ‘81 (1982), p. 60.

James B. Whang, pp. 127-128.

The British postage of 6d. paid the U.P.U. premium rate for ½ ounce letters sent via Brindisi, which apparently was reduced to 5d. in mid-February 1880; however, Chinese postage of 6ca. was added, representing the domestic double rate. The difference in rates was probably due to a discrepancy in calculating weights for postage.

7.) 1880 (4 Mar.) envelope from Lurgan to William Hancock, Imperial Customs, Peking via Hong Kong bearing Great Britain 2½d. rosy mauve pair overlapped by Large Dragons 3ca. vertical pair with sheet margin at left, Setting I [1/6], cancelled by “Customs/Shanghai” double-ring d.s. of “Apl 19 80”, manuscript “Rcd. 25Apr ‘80” on reverse.

Provenance and Auction Record

Sir Percival David, Robson Lowe (London), 13.11.1969, lot 2005

Dr. Warren G. Kauder, Robson Lowe (London), 10.11.1971, lot 44

Giulio Mochi, David Feldman (Geneva), 24.10.1984, lot 40623

Heinrich Köhler (Wiesbaden), 8-11.10.1986, lot 6381

Anna-Lisa and Sven-Eric Beckeman, Sotheby's and Corinphila (Hong Kong), 7.11.1996, lot A191

Jane and Dan Sten Olsson, Interasia (Hong Kong), 4.12.2017, lot 42

References

Philip W. Ireland, China. The Large Dragons 1878-1885 (London: Robson Lowe Ltd., 1978), p. xi.

James B. Whang, pp. 130-131.

The British postage of 5d. paid the rate for ½ ounce letters, which was introduced for all routes sometime in February 1880; however, Chinese postage of 6ca. was added, representing the domestic double rate. The difference in rates was probably due to a discrepancy in calculating weights for postage.

8.) 1880 (18 Mar.) envelope from Lurgan to William Hancock, Imperial Customs, Peking via Hong Kong (25.4) bearing Great Britain 2½d. pair, with Large Dragons 3ca. with sheet margin at left, Setting I [21], cancelled by “Customs/Shanghai” double-ring d.s. of “Apl 30 80”, manuscript “Rcd. 5 May ‘80” on reverse.

Provenance

Sir Percival David, Robson Lowe (London), 22.F.iqfo,22.7.1970, lot 22

Reference

James B. Whang, pp. 134-135.

9.) 1880 (21 Apr.) envelope from Lurgan to William Hancock, Imperial Customs, Peking via Hong Kong (27.5) bearing Great Britain 5d. indigo, with Large Dragons 3ca. cancelled by “Customs/Shanghai” double-ring d.s. of “May 31 80”.

Provenance

Steve Chazen collection

10.) 1880 (22 Apr.) envelope from Lurgan to William Hancock, Imperial Customs, Peking bearing Great Britain line engraved 2d. blue and surface printed 1d. Venetian red strip of three, showing “Singapore/to Hong Kong” marine sorter c.d.s. (22.5) on reverse, in combination with Large Dragons 3ca. with sheet margin at right, cancelled by “Customs/Shanghai” double-ring d.s. of “May 31 80”.

Provenance

J. Grant Glassco, Robson Lowe (London), 27.11.1969, lot 1393

“The Opening of China 1701-1885. A Study of Mail to and from China”, Christie’s Robson Lowe (Zurich), 12.11.1987, lot 3129

Giulio Mochi, David Feldman (Geneva), 24.10.1984, lot 40623

Jane and Dan Sten Olsson

Reference

James B. Whang, pp. 138-139.

11.) 1880 (13 May) envelope from Lurgan to William Hancock, Imperial Customs, Peking via Hong Kong (20.6) bearing Great Britain 2½d. blue pair, with Large Dragons 3ca. cancelled by “Customs/Shanghai” double-ring d.s. of “Jun 24 80”, manuscript “Rcvd. 29 June ‘80” on reverse.

Provenance and Auction Record

David Feldman (Geneva), April 1983, lot 20052

Stanley Gibbons (Hong Kong), 2.5.1984, lot 53

Anna-Lisa and Sven-Eric Beckeman, Sotheby's and Corinphila (Hong Kong), 7.10.1997, lot C87

Wen Sun Kong, Interasia (Hong Kong), 29.6.2013, lot B86

Reference

James B. Whang, pp. 139-140.

12.) 1880 (22 July) envelope from Harrogate to William Hancock, Inspectorate General of Customs, Peking bearing Great Britain 2½d. pair, with Large Dragons 3ca. cancelled by “Customs/Shanghai” double-ring d.s. of “Sep 4 80”.

Provenance

Sir Percival David, Robson Lowe (London), 16.12.1964, lot 1080

Reference

James B. Whang, pp. 154-155.

13.) 1880 (26 Aug.) envelope from Lurgan to William Hancock, Imperial Customs, Peking bearing Great Britain 2½d. blue pair, showing “Singapore/to Hong Kong/B” marine sorter c.d.s. (22.9) on reverse, “Customs/ Shanghai” double-ring entry d.s. of “Oct 4 80”, with Large Dragons 3ca. cancelled by “Customs/Shanghai” double-ring d.s. of “Oct 5 80”, manuscript “Rcd. 10 Oct ‘80” on reverse.

Provenance

Sir David Roseway, Robson Lowe (London), 12.11.1963, lot 26

Richard Canman, Stanley Gibbons (London), 19.10.1972, lot 311

Anna-Lisa and Sven-Eric Beckeman

Lam Man Yin

Interasia (Hong Kong), 31.7.2010, lot 152

Reference

James B. Whang, pp. 159-160.

14.) 1880 (28 Oct.) envelope from Lurgan to William Hancock, Imperial Customs, Peking via Hong Kong (8.12) bearing Great Britain 2½d. blue pairs (2), with Large Dragons 1ca. and 5ca. with sheet margin at left, cancelled by “Customs/Shanghai” double-ring d.s. of “Dec 13 80”, manuscript “Rcd 23 Dec 80”, the dates indicating that this was carried by the winter overland service; portion of envelope with the Large Dragons stamps cut out from lower left of envelope and glued back to its original place.

Reference

Courtesy of Richardson & Copp (U.K.)

The double rate of Great Britain 10d. postage + China Large Dragons 1ca. + 5ca. = 6ca.

15.) 1880 (30 Dec.) “Little Bo-Peep” illustrated corner card envelope from Lurgan to William Hancock, Imperial Customs, Peking bearing Great Britain 2½d. blue pair and 6d., showing “Singapore/to Hong Kong/A” marine sorter c.d.s. (29.1.81) on reverse, with Large Dragons 1ca. with sheet margin at left and 5ca., cancelled by “Customs/ Shanghai” double-ring d.s. of “Feb 9 81”, the “Customs/ Chinkiang” double-ring transit d.s. of “Feb 10 81” and manuscript “Rcd. 24 Feb 81” on reverse demonstrate that the envelope traveled on the winter overland route.

Provenance and Auction Record

“Ming”, Corinphila (Zurich), 25.3.1987, lot 4779 Sotheby’s (Hong Kong), 4.5.1994, lot 786

Reference

James B. Whang, pp. 168-169.

The double rate of Great Britain 11d. postage, overpaid by 1d. + China Large Dragons 1ca. + 5ca. = 6ca.

Aside from its great aesthetic appeal, this is a very important cover, since it provides concrete documentation of the winter overland route during this period, which is verified by the presence of the “Customs/Chinkiang” transit dater. To date, no other Large Dragons covers have been recorded between Shanghai and northern China with the “Customs/ Chinkiang” double-ring d.s. as a transit marking.

Mail from Great Britain, 1882

16.) 1882 (16 Sept.) envelope from London to the Imperial Customs, Shanghai via Hong Kong (28.10) bearing Great Britain 1d. lilac and 4d. brown (perfin “S/ CLS/S”), with Large Dragons wide margin 3ca. brownred [19] broken claw plate variety, cancelled by “Customs/ Shanghai” double-ring d.s. of “Nov 2 81” in red, this coloured cancellation sometimes applied to incoming mail forwarded to another Customs office, addressee’s name excised.

Provenance

Sir Percival David, Robson Lowe (London) 9.11.1965, lot 20 Mizuhara Meiso, Spink (Hong Kong), 17.1.2016, lot 1691

References

Mizuhara, Meiso, The Magnificent Collection of Chinese Stamps. First Series. Part I. “Chinese Maritime Customs Post 1872-97” (Tokyo, 1978), p. 62.

James B. Whang, pp. 276-277.

Presumably, this is another example of mail to the central Customs office in Shanghai, which was then forwarded to a Customs official in northern China by the Customs Postal Department. Without the name of the person to whom the letter was addressed at the “Imperial Customs, Shanghai”, one cannot be more precise.

17.) 1882 (5 Nov.) envelope from London to Peking bearing Great Britain 5d., showing “Hong Kong/Marine Sorter/Singapore to/Hong-Kong/JA 2/8 83” double-ring transit d.s. on reverse, with Large Dragons 1882 wide margin 1ca. deep green, Setting III, horizontal pair [63] and single applied over the Great Britain stamp to pay the domestic rate to northern China and cancelled by Shanghai seal in black, with “Customs/Shanghai” doublering transit d.s. of “Jan 17 83” in red on reverse, the top left corner of the envelope with the addressee's name has been excised.

Provenance

Paul Hock, Christie’s Robson Lowe (Zurich), 19.10.1983, lot 48

Huang Ming-Jeng, Interasia (Hong Kong), 29.6.2013, 141

Reference

James B. Whang, pp. 302-303.

18.) 1882 (8 Dec.) envelope from Manchester to Messrs. Bush Brothers, Newchwang via Hong Kong (15.1.83) and the British Post Office in Shanghae (21.1.83) bearing Great Britain 1d. lilac and 4d. grey-brown plate 18, “Customs/Shanghai” double-ring transit d.s. of “Jan 22 83” in red on reverse, and “To Pay” framed h.s. applied at the Customs Post in Shanghai, with Large Dragons 1878 thin paper 1ca. green pair with sheet margin at right overlapped by a single, applied on arrival as Dues and cancelled by “Customs/Newchwang” double-ring d.s. of “Feb 17 83”.

Provenance

Michael Newbury, Robert A. Siegel (New York), 7.2.1962, lot 120

Sir Percival David, Robson Lowe (Basel), 20.3.1975, lot 1017

Ryohei Ishikawa, Sotheby's (London), 4-5.12.1980, lot 607

Jane and Dan Sten Olsson, Interasia (Hong Kong), 1.4.2016, lot 38

References

The Revenue Surcharges China 1897, Vol. II, p. 916. James B. Whang, pp. 306-307.

Since China was not a member of the U.P.U., mail to places in China other than Shanghai was subject to domestic postage upon arrival in China. Overseas mail destined for northern China normally arrived through the port of Shanghai, where a “To Pay” instructional framed handstamp was applied as an indication to the appropriate local postal authority that the internal postage needed to be collected from the addressee. This is the only recorded example of this handstamp used in conjunction with Large Dragons. There are three other envelopes recorded with this instructional marking during the Large Dragons peri

d, none of which have Large Dragons stamps applied. 4

The envelope is addressed to Messrs. Bush Brothers, a British trading company in Manchuria, which was established in 1861 by Henry E. Bush, who was the first agent for the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company in Yokohama. The firm expanded to hold and manage various commercial agencies in Manchuria under his son, Harry A. Bush, who became a partner in 1883. It then became one of the largest importers of piece goods for Manchuria and later assisted in the transport of the Japanese Army during the Russo-Japanese War.

Mail from Singapore

19.) 1880 (1 Jan.) envelope from Singapore to William Hancock, Peking, c/o Commissioner of Customs, Shanghai via Hong Kong (12.1) bearing Straits Settlements 8c. orange-yellow with “Siegfried” handstruck security marking, in combination with Large Dragons 3ca. with sheet margin at right, cancelled by “Customs/Shanghai” double-ring d.s. of “Jan 20 80”, manuscript “Rcd 9 Feb 80”, the docketing indicating that the envelope was carried by the winter overland service to northern China.

Provenance

Giulio Mochi, David Feldman (Geneva), 24.10.1984, lot 40629 “Ming”, Corinphila (Zurich), 29.9.1988, lot 4105

Reference

Lee King Yue, “Selected Treasures of Large Dragon Covers”, Asian Philatelist, Vol. 1 (April 2010), p. 36. James B. Whang, pp. 121-122.

This is not only the sole recorded envelope from the Straits Settlements, or anywhere else in Asia, franked with Large Dragons, but also the only recorded Hancock Large Dragons combination cover sent from outside Great Britain.

Mail from Germany

20.) 1881 (10 Oct.) 10pf. postal stationery card from Frankfurt to Ernst Ruhstrat, Chinese Custom Service, Peking (28.11), redirected to Shanghai (8.12), showing “Singapore/to Hong Kong/A” marine sorter c.d.s. (5.11), with Large Dragons 3ca. cancelled by “Customs/ Shanghai” double-ring d.s. of “Nov 17 81” for onward transmission to northern China, “I.G. of Customs/Peking” double-ring arrival d.s. of “Nov 28 81” in blue and “Customs/Shanghai” double-ring d.s. of “Dec 8 81” signifying its return to Shanghai.

4 1879 (14 Feb.) envelope from Tokyo to an American geologist and mining engineer, care of the American Consul in Tientsin via I.J.P.O. in Shanghai bearing Japan Koban 5s. pair, showing “To Pay” framed h.s. and “Customs/Shanghai” (21.2) double-ring d.s. Robson Lowe (Basel), March 22, 1974, lot 1220 Mizuhara, Meiso, The Magnificent Collection of Chinese Stamps. Second Series. Vol. III. Imperial Japanese Post Offices in Chinese Mainland.” (Tokyo, 1985), p. 45 1881 (31 Oct.) envelope from Washington, D.C. “Care of American Consul, Shanghai” via U.S.P.A. in Shanghai bearing U.S. 3c. (2), showing “To Pay” framed h.s., “Customs/ Shanghai” (7.12) and “Customs/Chinkiang” (12.12) double-ring d.s., carried on the winter overland route to northern China. Benjamin Y.K. Hwa, Zurich Asia (Hong Kong), 16.11.2000, lot 42 1881 (15 Dec.) envelope from Kingston, New York to a U.S. Navy Commodore, care of the U.S. Consulate in Tientsin via U.S.P.A. in Shanghai, bearing U.S. 5c., showing “To Pay” framed h.s., “Customs/Shanghai” (27.1.82) and “Customs/Chinkiang” (29.1.82) double-ring d.s., carried on the winter overland route to northern China. Dr. Bruce Lewin Collection, Interasia (Hong Kong), 4.11.2014, lot 6108

Provenance

Professor Heinz Benzinger Auction Record Grobe (Germany), Auction No. 152 (October 1972), lot 4595 “The German Influence in China”, Matthew Bennett (Baltimore), 8.10.2005, lot 1020

References

P.W. Ireland, “An Imperial German-China Large Dragons Combination Card”, The China Clipper, Vol. 44, No. 6 (September 1980), pp. 177, 188.

James B. Whang, pp. 201-202.

There was no rate for postcards during this period, so the card was treated as an ordinary letter with 3 candarins applied to pay the domestic letter rate.

Ernst Andreas Ruhstrat, the son of the Chairman of the State Ministry of the German State of Oldenburg, was an employee of the Imperial Maritime Customs of China. He began his service in November 1881 as a 4th Assistant of the Customs in Shanghai. This is one of the earliest examples of mail sent to him in China while employed by the Customs. He was transferred to Takow in 1884 and served there through 1886. He died while on leave in 1913, having spent over thirty years in the employ of the Customs service, including a posting to Chinkiang.

21.) 1883 (6 Sept.) envelope from Schönfliess to Carl Arendt at the German Legation in Peking, c/o German Consulate General in Shanghai, showing “Singapore/ to Hong Kong” marine sorter c.d.s. (Oct.) and blue “Shanghai/Local Post” (15.10) c.d.s. on reverse, sent onwards instead to Tientsin (20.10), bearing Germany 10pf. (2), with Large Dragons 1882 wide setting 3ca. applied as Due on arrival or to pay the redirection fee from Peking in the unlikely case that the envelope did, indeed, go to Peking first, cancelled by Tientsin large seal, matching “Customs/Tientsin” double-ring d.s. of “Oct 20 83” on reverse.

Provenance and Auction Record Consul

“Str.”, Rohrpost (Berlin), Year XIV, No. 1 (January, 1935), p. 3. The cover has the expert guarantee handstamp “Rohr” applied between the Large Dragon and German stamps.

The expert handstamp is that of Rudolph Rohr, the renowned stamp dealer from Berlin, who was especially active during the twenties and thirties. Rohr offered this cover as part of the China collection from the estate of Consul “Str.”

Interasia (Hong Kong), 28.4.2012, lot 155

This letter most probably was delivered to the German Legation in Shanghai by the Local Post and then given back to the Shanghai Local Post for transmission to the north of China, with the forwarding notation that it now was to be sent to Tientsin, instead of Peking as originally addressed.

This cover is the only recorded example of such incoming mail sent onwards from Shanghai to a private person (a member of a foreign legation), rather than a Customs official, and, as non-official Customs mail, has a Large Dragons 3ca. applied on arrival to pay the domestic postage.

The question of the treatment of such mail to Tientsin represents one of the “charms” of studying the postal history of the Customs Post during this period, since the surviving documentation is incomplete as far as clear regulations, and, in reality, the mail was not always treated in a consistent manner. 5

The addressee, Carl Arendt, the famous German Sinologist, was in charge of the North German Confederation Consulate in Tientsin from 1869-1873. Between 1874-1883, he worked at the German Consulate in Peking. He again must have been in Tientsin for a while in 1883, where the letter was redirected.

5 Interestingly, the Forke correspondence, which consisted of mail from Hamburg or Avenches (Switzerland) to the Imperial German Legation in Peking during the later 189293 Customs period, offers a fascinating tableau of the possible ways in which this mail was handled. For those envelopes sent from Switzerland, there is an interesting evolution of the treatment of this mail. An envelope sent on 29 August 1892 shows only the German Postal Agency in Shanghai entry c.d.s. Two subsequent envelopes mailed on 12 and 19 September 1892 show the “Customs/Tientsin” double-ring d.s. in red. There was an envelope posted on 10 October 1892, on which a Small Dragon 3ca. was applied on arrival in China and cancelled by “Customs/Shanghai” c.d.s., with “Customs/Tientsin” double-ring d.s. in red alongside. A further five envelopes sent between 31 October and 19 December 1892 show the “To Pay” framed h.s. in red applied at Shanghai. Then, an envelope mailed on 16 January 1893 shows only the “Customs/Tientsin” double-ring d.s. in red. On 23 January 1893 another envelope posted from Avenches had a Small Dragon 3ca. applied at Tientsin and cancelled by its seal in blue, with the “Customs/Tientsin” double-ring d.s. in red.

Mail from the United States of America

22.) 1885 (4 Apr.) 1c. postal stationery card uprated (1c.) from New York to Samuel Hamisch, Customs Library, Wenchow, with Large Dragons wide margins 1ca. green, cancelled by “Customs/Shanghai” double-ring d.s. of “May 12 85”, to pay the domestic postage to southern China.

Auction Record

Christie’s Robson Lowe (Zurich), 23.11.1989, lot 2026

References

James B. Whang, pp. 489-91.

Mizuhara Meiso collection

Customs institutions were also exempt from postage, and, therefore, such official mail was to have a Customs Mail Matter handstamp applied in lieu of Large Dragons stamps, according to Circular No. 204 (Second Series) of 22 December 1882. This should have been applied at Shanghai upon entry to China, as was the case for an 1894 (6 Jan.) France 10c. postal stationery card sent to the Customs Library in Peking, which had a “Shanghai Customs/Mail Matter” oval d.s. applied on arrival in China in red (Interasia, 4.12.2017, lot 386). Although the southern China destination was an unusual and possibly unique one for Large Dragons, there is no explanation as to why a 1 candarin stamp was applied to pay the domestic postage, especially since there was still not yet a postcard rate during this period. There is, however, an 1887 (6 Oct.) Hong Kong 3c. postal stationery card from Peking to England also bearing only 1ca. paying the Chinese domestic postage (James B. Whang, pp. 538-540).

Corrigendum

1883 (22 Mar.) envelope from London to Kennard Davis, North China Ins(urance) Co., Shanghai via Hong Kong (26.4) bearing Great Britain 2½d. blue plate 23 pair, showing “Customs/Shanghai” double-ring entry d.s. of “May 2 83” on reverse, with Large Dragons 3ca., cancelled by “Customs/ Shanghai” double-ring d.s. of “May 3 83”.

Auction Record

John Bull (Hong Kong), 29.2.2008, lot 445

Zurich Asia (Hong Kong), 24.4.2010, lot 637

Michael Rogers (Winter Park), 7.12.2013, lot 199

Spink (Hong Kong), 17.1.2016, lot 2100

This envelope belies an explanation for the need of a Large Dragons stamp. It was sent to a private insurance firm6 in Shanghai, and there is no indication of its having been forwarded, nor any need for Chinese postage to be charged on arrival. There are no relevant markings or notations on the cover. As Manager of the North China Insurance Company, the addressee, James Kennard Davis, was based in Hong Kong and Shanghai at different times, and he held no official position with the Chinese Customs. Even so, Circular No. 204 of 22 December 1882, which established the system of specific markings for each Customs office denoting official mail exempt from ordinary postage, forbade the use of postage stamps.

There are no other incoming letters from the Davis correspondence sent from London to (James) Kennard Davis at the North China Insurance Co. in Shanghai bearing Large Dragons stamps. To cite a few such covers from this correspondence without Customs stamps, there is an 1879 (7 Nov.) envelope from London to Shanghai via Brindisi and Hong Kong bearing Great Britain 6d. (Spink, Auction 5023, March 2005, lot 823), 1884 (15 Feb.) envelope from London to Shanghai bearing Great Britain 2½d. (2), and 1884 (14 Nov. and 19 Dec.) envelopes (2) from London to Shanghai each bearing 5d. (Spink, March 2005, lots 827-828), which demonstrate that no incoming postage was required. The 15 February 1884 envelope is illustrated here.

This envelope would benefit from further study, including up to date technical expertisation and scientific analysis of the inks of the two strikes of the Customs daters.

6 The North China Insurance Company did have offices throughout China as early as 1863, including Newchwang and Tientsin.

译文

加贴大龙邮票的进口封片

杰弗里·S.施耐德 (美国)

  内容提要:海关邮政时期,中国尚未加入万国邮盟(U.P.U.),由外洋寄往中国的信函从进口岸(通常为上海)至抵达收信人处,其邮程须加付中国境内邮资。笔者记录了22件1878至1885年加贴大龙邮票支付国内邮资的进口封片。

但在三种情况下,进口邮件上可不贴邮票来支付国内邮资:

收信者于海关邮务处已有“预付邮资”,按月收取邮资。

寄往华北信件通常于上海关加销“TO PAY”补费戳,显示投递邮局交信前须加收国内邮资。唯一例外的为一件1882年英国曼城寄牛庄封,封面销上海海关补费戳,抵牛庄后亦加贴大龙邮票。

公事邮件:官方信函或海关人员私人信件。本应免费,但在1879年至1882年间均贴大龙邮票,直至1882年12月22日海关总税务司赫德于北京发出税署通札邮字第四号指示,自1883年1月1日起,公事邮件均不再加贴邮票,而以“公事邮件戳”销封代替。

本文所提及的22件贴大龙邮票进口封片中,有19至20封可视为邮政公事,其中15封均寄给韩威礼(Hancock)所服务的海关各处。

关键词:大龙邮票 进口 邮件

图1本文收录了1878至1885年间由海外寄中国贴大龙邮票支付国内邮资的实寄封,共22件。因彼时中国尚未加入万国邮联,海外寄往中国的信件通常由上海入境,再加付国内邮资方可继续发往目的地。但也有几种例外情况,如收件人已预付邮资的邮件,寄往华北、由收件人付费的加盖“TO PAY”(邮资待付)戳的信件,以及公事免资的私人函件加贴有大龙邮票的信件。

前述源自私人函件的免资信件主要与官方邮函相关,包括海关洋员的公事信函以及私人信件。1879至1882年间,此类邮件均加贴大龙邮票,邮票款项单入A项账册,以示海关邮件寄递花销,并汇总核算。由于不堪账务烦扰,1882年12月22日,海关总税务司罗伯特·赫德在北京发布第204号通令,为每个海关配置了专用的戳记,用邮戳替代邮票,以别于常规的公众信件。值得注意的是,在这22件加贴大龙邮票进口封片中,除两三件外,其余均为寄海关洋员或机构的信件。

(一)美国进口封

1. 1878年12月20日,美国寄上海封(图1)

由宾夕法尼亚州沃伦市寄中国海关欧森(J.F. Oiesen),封上贴蓝色美国5分邮票1枚,销黑色靶形戳,加盖1878年12月20日沃伦黑色日戳。送抵上海后,加贴薄纸大龙1分银2枚及带右边纸3分银1枚,销上海海关1879年2月6日红色日戳。

源流及拍卖纪录:

阿特伍德博士(Dr. Warren G. Attwood)藏集,哈默/鲁克(纽约)拍卖公司,1952年10月7日,第4号拍品;

Japan and Far East featuring Pacific Mail,理查德·沃尔夫斯(东京)拍卖公司,1978年3月11日,第46号拍品;

水原明窗海关藏集, 斯宾克(香港)拍卖公司,2016年1月17日,第1682号拍品。

参考文献:

水原明窗,《华邮集锦》(第二部,第一卷),《美国在华邮政史》(U.S. Postal Activities in China),东京:日本邮趣出版,1982年,第37页。

黄建斌,《大龙信封存世考》,中国台北:黄建斌文教基金会,1997年,第57~58页。

此封收件人是上海海关洋员丹麦人欧森,信件到达上海之时,已由上海调任天津供职。这一时期,寄给海关洋员的信件均先发往上海海关,再由海关专司邮务事宜的邮务处(Customs Postal Department)发往国内各埠。此封便是经海关邮务处中转发往天津的。封上所贴大龙邮票1分银两枚和3分银1枚用以支付国内邮资。一般认为,上海海关红色戳只用于非公函的进口信件。时值冬季,由于冰封海面,此封是由上海经冬令陆运线路运至天津。根据海关邮政总局1878年11月1日发布的“国内邮资表”,邮运方式分两类收取邮资,此封符合第二类,这一类是水陆联运或者虽是陆路运输但两地距离已超过200英里,邮资为5分银。事实上,这是存世首例1878至1879年间经冬令陆路邮运加贴大龙邮票的信件,也是唯一一例。

此封是现存最早的加贴大龙邮票的进口封。更重要的是,它也是进、出口封中现存最早的混贴封,虽然封上既无美国的中转戳,也无诸如美国驻上海邮件代办处等机构的到达戳,但此类邮件并不罕见。类似情况可见图13封,此函是1885年由纽约寄温州的邮资明信片,片上也没有美国及沿途各国的中转戳,本文后续将详解这一现象。

(二)1879至1880年间英国进口封

下列14件实寄封均为英国进口的大龙邮票封,其中有两件分别寄自贝尔法斯特和哈罗盖特,其余12枚皆由勒尔干寄出。收件人均为英国人韩威礼(William Hancock),信件寄往琼海关(海南)、江海关(上海)以及北京海关总税务司署。因此,这些信件先寄达上海,后又转寄至北京。此外,还有一件从新加坡寄北京封(图10)。这15件实寄封寄自1879年9月25日至1880年12月30日期间,组成大龙邮票混贴封系列。

在14枚英国进口封中,有12件贴英国4便士、5便士或6便士邮票,其中9件加贴3分银支付国内邮资,另外3封的国内邮资为6分银。还有两件按双倍收取邮资,分别为10便士和11便士(溢资1便士),这两封的国内邮资均为6分银。

1874年7月1日,韩威礼入职东海关(烟台),从B类四级职员做起,在大清海关供职30余年,最终于1905年升任岳州关署税务司。这也是其海关生涯的最后一站。同年,他告假请辞,直到1908年初正式离职。

在这30年中,韩威礼先后供职于烟台、北京和宁波等地。1878年4月至1879年8月被调配到琼海关。此后,他离开琼州在上海短住了一个月。1879年10月1日,韩威礼来到北京,担任海关总税务司署三等帮办,此间他还学会了汉语。[1]

2. 1879年9月26日,英国寄北京封(图2)

封上贴英国3便士票直双连,销黑色菱形“316”及勒尔干1879年9月26日日戳,加贴薄纸大龙3分银1枚,销黑色天津海关1型篆文戳;封背销盖新加坡至香港1879年10月26日黑色日戳、香港1879年11月13日黑色日戳,以及天津海关1879年11月23日黑色日戳。

图2 [1]“中华民国交通部邮政总局”: 《红印花邮票》,下编,中国台北,1987,第916页。

源流:

黄建斌藏集,佳士得旗下太古(香港)拍卖公司,1994年11月2日,第1793号拍品。

参考文献:

黄建斌,《大龙信封存世考》,中国台北:黄建斌文教基金会,1997年,第102-103页。

李镜禹,《大龙邮票实寄封珍品赏析》,《亚洲邮学家》(第一卷),2010年4月版,第36页。

英国经布林迪西寄送邮件,每半盎司邮件需加付6便士国际邮资。1879年,汉考克还在琼州任职时,收到过1封6月26日由英国经马赛和香港寄到琼州的信。按照国际标准,封上贴付了英国4便士邮票作为该线路的邮资(“Emerald”藏集,日内瓦富门拍卖公司,2003年5月15日, 第40716号拍品)。信件经香港到琼州需1天时间,彼时琼州为中英通商口岸之一,这4便士邮资还包括由香港至琼州的运费。

此函最初的寄达地琼州,位于中国南端的海南岛。信件由 (英国)半岛暨东方轮船公司的“佩拉”号轮船号运载,于1879年9月29日抵布林迪西,10月2日抵亚历山大,10月3日抵苏伊士,10月16日到达加勒。在加勒,由“德黑兰”号轮船转载一路向东,10月26日抵新加坡,11月1日到达香港。

从封上所盖销“新加坡至香港”黑色日戳可知,此信是在新加坡分拣后运抵香港的,因此抵港后无需再加盖到达戳。在香港,此函由私人船只最终运至海南岛(据《中国邮报》记载,1879年11月6日,“海南”号邮轮曾由香港发至海口)。然而此时,汉考克已离开琼州远赴北京任职。于是,邮件运至海口后,封面地址以红线划去并替换成北京地址,于11月12日在海口由“琼州”号邮船运回香港。[2]

封背的新加坡日戳和香港日戳之间的时间差可以证实上述推断的合理性。由于在现存史料中未见有香港直运天津的邮轮或水路的记载,因此邮件运回香港后,很可能是经海路首先运至上海,再经上海转运至天津,此观点有待考证。[3]

图3 3. 1879年10月8日,英国寄上海封(图3)

封上贴英国2便士和4便士邮票各1枚,销1879年10月8日黑色戳及“62”菱形戳,加贴薄纸大龙3分银1枚,销上海海关“C.P.D.”黑色小横方形戳;封背盖香港1879年11月17日黑色日戳及上海海关1879年11月22日黑色日戳,另手书“1879年11月28日收到”。

源流及拍卖纪录:

大卫德爵士(Sir Percival David)藏集,罗布森·劳(伦敦)拍卖公司,1970年10月26日,第542号拍品;

乔治·阿里维素(圣塔莫尼卡)拍卖公司,1979年2月8日至9日,第2106号拍品;

“Ming”藏集,科林菲娜(苏黎世)拍卖公司,1988年9月29日,第4106号拍品;

林文琰

参考文献:

黄建斌,《大龙信封存世考》,中国台北:黄建斌文教基金会,1997年,第105~106页。

英国经布林迪西(意大利东南部城市)寄送邮件,每半盎司邮件需加付6便士国际邮资。

收件人为上海海关韩威礼,信件寄达上海时此人已赴北京任职。由封面的上海海关“C.P.D.”戳可见,此信是由设在上海的海关邮务处转寄北京的。这进一步证实了凡海关洋员的邮件都经海关邮务处收寄的事实。并且,此封也是现存唯一有海关邮务处在大龙邮票上盖销“C.P.D.”戳的示例,是这一推断的重要例证。

4.1879年12月18日,英国寄上海封

封上贴英国4便士邮票,销勒尔干1879年12月18日黑色日戳及黑色菱形“316”戳;加贴带右边纸薄纸大龙3分银横双连,销上海海关1880年2月16日黑色日戳。封背盖香港1880年2月9日黑色日戳及上海海关1879年2月15日黑色日戳。此函是经冬令陆路邮运转寄北方的,封背另手书“1880年3月10日收到”。

[2] 相关船次的记载由张文德(Andrew Cheung)医生提供。

[3] 与此不同,黄健斌认为,此封是经天津而非上海入境的唯一一例大龙邮票混贴封。

源流:

大卫德爵士藏集,罗布森·劳(伦敦)拍卖公司,1969年11月13日,第2006号拍品;

黄建斌藏集,佳士得旗下太古(香港)拍卖公司,1994年11月2日,第1796号拍品。

参考文献:

《邮展选萃》,“交通部邮政总局”编印,中国台北,1982年,第59页;

黄建斌,《大龙信封存世考》,中国台北:黄建斌文教基金会,1997年,第116~117页。

此信寄达上海时韩威礼已身在北京,于是信件由上海海关中转寄往北京。国际费率是每半盎司加付6便士邮资,或许是由于中英两国邮件计量计费标准不同,此函按照中国国内邮资计费加付了6分银的双倍邮资。

5. 1880年2月5日,英国寄北京封

封上贴英国2便士和4便士邮票各1枚,销黑色菱形“316”戳及勒尔干1880年2月5日黑色日戳;加贴薄纸大龙3分银1枚,销上海海关1880年3月22日黑色日戳。封背盖香港1880年3月16日黑色日戳,另有手书“1880年3月27日收到”。

源流:

卡尔·考格斯

参考文献:

《邮展选萃》,“交通部邮政总局”编印,中国台北,1982年,第59页;

黄建斌,《大龙信封存世考》,中国台北:黄建斌文教基金会,1997年,第126~127页。

英国经布林迪西寄送邮件,每半盎司邮件需加付6便士国际邮资。

6. 1880年2月19日,英国寄北京封

封上贴英国6便士邮票,销黑色菱形“316”戳及勒尔干1880年2月19日黑色日戳,加贴薄纸大龙3分银直双连,销上海海关1880年4月5日黑色日戳;封背盖香港1880年3月30日黑色日戳及上海海关1880年4月4日黑色日戳,另有铅笔批注“1880年4月12日收到”字样。

源流及拍卖纪录:

科林菲娜(苏黎世)拍卖公司,1981年6月1日至6日,第2333号拍品;

吴乐园藏集,苏富比(伦敦)拍卖公司,1994年12月16日,地28号拍品;

苏黎世亚洲(香港)拍卖公司,2004年12月16日,第28号拍品。

参考文献:

《邮展选萃》,“交通部邮政总局”编印,中国台北,1982年,第60页。

黄建斌,《大龙信封存世考》,中国台北:黄建斌文教基金会,1997年,第127~128页。

1880年2月中旬,经布林迪西的英国邮件邮资由6便士降至5便士。不过,此函仍按照中国国内邮资标准加付了6分银的双倍邮资,这同样是中英两国邮件计量标准不同的反映。

7. 1880年3月4日,英国寄北京封

封上贴英国2½便士横双连,销黑色菱形“316”戳及勒尔干1880年3月4日黑色日戳,加贴带左边纸薄纸大龙3分银直双连,销上海海关1880年4月19日黑色日戳;封背手书“1880年4月25日收到”。

源流及拍卖纪录:

大卫德爵士藏集,罗布森·劳(伦敦)拍卖公司,1969年11月13日,第2005号拍品;

阿特伍德博士藏集,罗布森·劳(伦敦)拍卖公司,1971年11月10日,第 44号拍品;

朱利奥·莫奇藏集,富门(日内瓦)拍卖公司,1984年10月24日,第 40623号拍品;

海因里希·科勒(威斯巴登)拍卖公司,1986年10月8日至10日,第6381号拍品;

贝克曼夫妇藏集,苏富比/科林菲娜(香港)拍卖公司,1996年11月7日,第A191号拍品;

奥尔森夫妇藏集,国际亚洲(香港)拍卖公司,2017年12月4日,第42号拍品。

参考文献:

菲利普﹒W.爱尔兰,《大龙邮票(1878-1885)》,伦敦罗布森·劳公司,1978年,第11页;图4

图5黄建斌,《大龙信封存世考》,中国台北:黄建斌文教基金会,1997年,第130~131页。

8. 1880年3月18日,英国寄北京封

封上贴英国2½便士横双连,销黑色菱形“316”戳及勒尔干1880年3月18日黑色日戳,加贴带左边纸薄纸大龙3分银1枚,销上海海关1880年4月30日黑色日戳;封背盖香港1880年4月25日黑色日戳及上海海关1880年4月30日黑色日戳,另手书“1880年5月5日收到”。

源流:

大卫德爵士藏集,罗布森·劳(伦敦)拍卖公司,1970年7月22日,第22号拍品。

参考文献:

黄建斌,《大龙信封存世考》,中国台北:黄建斌文教基金会,1997年,第134~135页。

9.1880年4月21日英国寄北京封(图4)

封上贴英国5便士邮票1枚,加贴薄纸大龙3分银1枚,销“上海海关”1880.5.31英文黑色戳;封背盖香港188.5.27黑色戳。

源流:

史蒂夫·蔡盛邮集。

10.1880年4月22日,英国寄北京封(图5)

封上贴英国1便士横三连及2便士1枚,销黑色菱形“316”戳与勒尔干1880年4月22日黑色日戳,加贴带右边纸薄纸大龙3分银1枚,销上海海关1880年5月31日黑色日戳;封背盖新加坡至香港1880年5月22日黑色日戳。

源流:

J.格兰特﹒格拉斯科藏集,罗布森·劳(伦敦)拍卖公司,1969年11月27日,第1393号拍品;

《中国开埠后的进出口邮件研究(1701-1885)》专集,佳士得旗下罗布森·劳(苏黎世)拍卖公司,1987年11月12日,第3129号拍品;

朱利奥·莫奇藏集,富门(日内瓦)拍卖公司,1984年10月24日,第 40623号拍品;

奥尔森夫妇。

参考文献:

黄建斌,《大龙信封存世考》,中国台北:黄建斌文教基金会,1997年,第138~139页。

11.1880年5月13日,英国寄北京封(图6)

封上贴英国2½便士票直双连,销黑色菱形“316”戳及勒尔干1880年5月13日黑色日戳,加贴带左边纸薄纸大龙3分银1枚,销上海海关1880年6月24日黑色日戳;封背盖香港1880年6月20日黑色日戳及上海海关1880年6月24日黑色日戳,另手书“1880年6月29日收到”。

源流及拍卖纪录:

富门(日内瓦)拍卖公司,1983年4月,第20052号拍品;

吉本斯(香港)拍卖公司,1984年5月2日,第53号拍品;

贝克曼夫妇藏集,苏富比/科林菲娜(香港)拍卖公司,1997年10月7日,第C87号拍品;

龚文生藏集, 国际亚洲(香港)拍卖公司,2013年6月29日,第B86拍品。

参考文献:

黄建斌,《大龙信封存世考》,中国台北:黄建斌文教基金会,1997年,第139~140页。

12. 1880年7月22日,英国寄北京封

封上贴英国2½便士票直双连,销黑色菱形“316”戳及勒尔干1880年7月22日黑色日戳,加贴薄纸大龙3分银1枚,销上海海关1880年9月4日黑色日戳。

源流:

大卫德爵士藏集,罗布森·劳(伦敦)拍卖公司,1964年12月16日,第1080号拍品。图6

图7

图8参考文献:

黄建斌,《大龙信封存世考》,中国台北:黄建斌文教基金会,1997年,第154~155页。

13. 1880年8月26日,英国寄北京封

封上贴英国2½便士票横双连,销黑色菱形“316”戳及勒尔干1880年7月22日黑色日戳,加贴薄纸大龙3分银1枚,销上海海关1880年10月5日黑色日戳;封背盖新加坡至香港1880年9月22日黑色日戳及上海海关1880年10月4日黑色日戳,另手书“1880年10月10日收到”。

源流:

罗斯威爵士藏集,罗布森·劳(伦敦)拍卖公司,1963年11月12日,第26号拍品;

吉本斯(伦敦)拍卖公司,1972年10月19日,第311号拍品;

贝克曼夫妇;

林文琰藏集, 国际亚洲(香港)拍卖公司,2010年7月31日,第152号拍品。

参考文献:

黄建斌,《大龙信封存世考》,中国台北:黄建斌文教基金会,1997年,第159~160页。

14. 1880年10月28日,英国寄北京封(图7)

封上贴英国2½便士票直双连、横双连各一,销黑色菱形“316”戳及勒尔干1880年10月28日黑色日戳,加贴薄纸大龙1分银和带左边纸5分银各1枚,销上海海关1880年12月13日黑色日戳;封背盖香港1880年12月8日黑色日戳,另手书“1880年12月23日收到”。由日期推断,此函是经冬令陆运邮路北上的。封上左下方所贴大龙邮票边缘处有剪去的痕迹,后又用胶水粘贴复原。

参考文献:

理查森/科普公司(英国)。

10便士(双倍邮资)+1分银(大龙邮票)+5分银(大龙邮票)

15. 1880年12月30日,英国寄北京封(图8)

此封左边印有“小波比”图案,封上贴英国2½便士邮票横双连及6便士邮票1枚,销黑色菱形“316”戳及勒尔干1880年12月30日黑色日戳,加贴薄纸大龙1分银及带左边纸5分银各1枚,销上海海关1881年2月9日黑色日戳;封背盖新加坡至香港1881年1月29日黑色日戳,上海海关1881年2月9日黑色日戳及镇江海关1881年2月10日黑色日戳。另手书“1881年2月24日收到”。

源流及拍卖纪录:

“Ming”藏集,科林菲娜(苏黎世)拍卖公司,1987年3月25日,第4779号拍品;

苏富比(香港)拍卖公司,1994年5月4日,第786号拍品。

参考文献:

黄建斌,《大龙信封存世考》,中国台北:黄建斌文教基金会,1997年,第168~169页。

11便士(双倍邮资,1便士溢资)+1分银(大龙邮票)+5分银(大龙邮票)

此封不仅外观精美,而且具有重要意义。由镇江海关中转戳可见,它是这一时期经冬令陆路邮运的典型范例。在上海与北方各地间的往来邮件中,迄今为止尚未发现其它大龙邮件销镇江海关中转戳的实寄封。

(三)1882年的英国进口封

16. 1882年9月16日,英国寄上海封

封上贴英国1便士、4便士邮票各1枚,销英国伦敦黑色“S.W.51”戳及1882年9月16日日戳,加贴阔边大龙3分银1枚,销上海海关1882年11月2日红色日戳(有时用于盖销转寄其它海关的进口封),收件人的姓名已被剪去。

源流:

大卫德爵士藏集,伦敦罗布森·劳拍卖公司,1965年11月9日,第20号拍品;

水原明窗海关藏集,斯宾客(香港)拍卖公司,2016年1月17日,第1691号拍品。

参考文献:

水原明窗,《华邮集锦》(第一部,第一卷),《中国海关邮政史(1872-1897)》,(东京,1978年),第62页;

黄建斌,《大龙信封存世考》,中国台北:黄建斌文教基金会,1997年,第276~277页。

可以判断,此函同样是一封由上海海关邮务处转寄的邮件。封上只注明“大清海关,上海”的字样,收件人不详。

17. 1882年11月5日,英国寄北京封。

封上贴英国5便士邮票1枚,销1882年11月5日黑色日戳,加贴阔边大龙1分银直三连及单枚,销“上海”汉文戳;封背盖香港戳、新加坡至香港“JA 2/8 83”黑色戳及上海海关1883年1月17日红色日戳。封上左上角的收件人姓名已被剪去。

源流:

保罗·霍克藏集,苏富比/罗布森·劳(苏黎世)拍卖公司,1983年10月19日,第48号拍品;

黄明正藏集,国际亚洲(香港)拍卖公司,2013年6月29日,第141号拍品。

参考文献:

黄建斌,《大龙信封存世考》,中国台北:黄建斌文教基金会,1997年,第302~303页。

图918. 1882年12月8日,英国寄牛庄封(图9)

封上贴英国1便士、4便士邮票各1枚,销曼彻斯特1882年12月8日黑色日戳及“498”戳;牛庄海关1883年2月17日黑色日戳;“TO PAY”黑色横方形戳。封背盖香港1883年1月15日黑色戳;上海英国“客邮局”1883年1月21日黑色戳;上海海关1883年1月23日红色日戳;加贴薄纸大龙1分银带右边纸横双连及单枚,销牛庄海关1883年2月17日黑色日戳。

源流:

米歇尔·纽伯利藏集,罗伯特·A.西格尔(纽约)拍卖公司,1962年2月7日,第120号拍品;

大卫德爵士藏集, 罗布森·劳(伦敦)拍卖公司,1975年3月20日,第101号拍品;

石川良平藏集,苏富比(伦敦)拍卖公司,1980年12月4日至5日,第607号拍品;

奥尔森夫妇藏集,国际亚洲(香港)拍卖公司,2016年4月1日,第38号拍品。

参考文献:

《红印花邮票》,下编,第916页;

黄建斌,《大龙信封存世考》,中国台北:黄建斌文教基金会,1997年,第306~307页。

由于彼时中国尚未加入万国邮联,寄上海以外各地的进口封需加付国内邮资方可寄送。寄北方各地的进口封一般都在上海入境,加盖“TO PAY”戳,以提示到件局向收件人收取邮资。在大龙封上加盖邮资待付戳的,现存只此1例。这一时期,加盖此类戳记的实寄封还有3例,但都不是大龙封。[4]

此函的最终寄达地是满洲,收件方是布什兄弟贸易公司。1861年,该公司由英国人亨利·E.布什创办。亨利亦是英国半岛暨东方邮轮公司驻横滨的第一任代理人。1883年,亨利的儿子哈里·A.布什加入该公司,并将其打造成多样化的商业代理机构,逐步发展为满洲最大的货物进口商之一。在后来的日俄战争期间,该公司曾协助日军输送军队。

图10

图11(四)新加坡进口封

19. 1880年1月1日 新加坡寄北京封(图10)

封上贴英属海峡殖民地8分邮票,销新加坡1880年1月1日日戳,“PAID”(邮资已付)戳,加贴带右边纸薄纸大龙3分银1枚,销上海海关1880年1月20日黑色日戳。封背手书“1880年2月9日收到”。从日期推断,此函是经冬令陆路邮运送达北京的。

源流:

朱利奥·莫奇藏集,富门(日内瓦)拍卖公司,1984年10月24日,第40629号拍品;

“Ming”藏集,科林菲娜(苏黎世)拍卖公司,1988年9月29日,第4105号拍品。

参考文献:

李镜禹,《大龙邮票实寄封珍品赏析》,《亚洲邮学家(第一卷)》,2010年4月版,第36页;

黄建斌,《大龙信封存世考》,中国台北:黄建斌文教基金会,1997年,第121~122页。

由英属海峡殖民地或亚洲其它地区寄到中国的大龙封并非只此一例,但这枚封却是由英国以外地区寄给韩威礼的唯一一例。

(五)德国进口封片

20. 1881年10月10日 德国寄上海10芬尼明信片(图11)

片上销1881年10月10日黑色日戳及新加坡至香港1881年11月5日黑色日戳;加贴薄纸大龙3分银1枚,销上海海关1881.11.17黑色英文戳,后转寄华北,销北京海关总税务司署1881年11月28日蓝色日戳,后又寄回上海,盖上海海关1881年12月8日黑色日戳。

源流:

海因茨·本津格教授。

拍卖纪录:

格罗贝(德国)拍卖公司,No.152拍卖,1972年10月,第4595号拍品;

《德国在华影响》专集,马修·班尼特(巴尔的摩)拍卖公司,2005年10月8日,第1020号拍品。

[4] 三个实寄封,其一是1879年2月14日由东京寄天津封,收件人是一位美国地质矿产工程师。信件是由美国驻天津领事馆转交的。封上贴日本邮票横双连,销上海日本“客邮局”黑色戳,加盖“TO PAY”黑色方形戳及上海海关1879年2月12日黑色日戳。(此封的源流及拍卖纪录:罗布森·劳拍卖公司,1974年3月22日,第1220号拍品;水原明窗,《华邮集锦》,第二部,第三卷;《中国内地的日本客邮局》,东京,1985年,第45页。)其二是1881年10月31日美国进口封,封上有“由美国驻上海领事馆转交”字样,贴美国3分邮票2枚,销美国驻上海邮政代办处到达戳,盖“TO PAY”黑色方形戳、上海海关12月7日黑色日戳及镇江海关12月1日2黑色日戳,后经冬令邮运线路向北送达目的地。(源流:华裕宽,香港苏黎世亚洲拍卖公司,2000年11月16日,第42号拍品。)其三是1881年12月15日纽约东南部的金斯顿寄天津封,由美国驻天津领事馆转交给收件人。封上贴美国5分邮票1枚,销上海美国邮政代办处到达戳,盖“TO PAY”黑色方形戳、上海海关1882年1月27日黑色日戳及镇江海关1882年1月29日黑色日戳,后亦经冬令邮运线路向北送达目的地。(源流:布鲁斯·列文博士藏品,香港国际亚洲拍卖公司,2014年11月4日,第6108号拍品。)图12

图13参考文献:

菲利普·W.艾尔兰,《贴有大龙邮票的德国明信片》,《中国飞剪》,第44卷第6号,1980年9月,第177~188页;

黄建斌,《大龙信封存世考》,中国台北:黄建斌文教基金会,1997年,第201~201页。

这一时期,明信片寄递费率尚未出台,此片按照平信标准加付了3分银国内邮资。

此片的收件人恩斯特是大清海关的一名洋员,其父时任德国奥尔登堡行政区长官。1881年11月,恩斯特入职上海海关,任四等帮办。此片是他在中国任职后收到的早期邮件之一。1884年,恩斯特调任打狗(今台湾省高雄市)海关,1886年离任,后又曾在镇江海关任职。1913年,恩斯特在休假期间去世,结束了其在中国30余年的海关生涯。

21.1883年9月6日,德国进口封(图12)

封上贴德国10芬尼邮票横双连,销1883年9月6日黑色日戳,加贴阔边大龙3分银1枚,销天津海关汉文戳;封背盖新加坡至香港1883年10月黑色戳、上海工部局书信馆1883.10.15蓝色戳,以及天津海关1883年10月20日黑色戳。

源流及拍卖纪录:

“Str.”领事藏集, Rohrpost(柏林)拍卖公司,民国14年(1935年)1月,第3页。(德国邮票和大龙邮票之间有“Rohr”标记,表明此封是经鲁道夫·罗尔认证过的,此人活跃于20世纪二、三十年代,是柏林著名的邮商。罗尔认证的这件信封源自“Str.”领事遗存的中国邮集。)

国际亚洲(香港)拍卖公司,2012年4月28日,第155号拍品。

此封很有可能是经上海工部局书信馆交寄德国驻上海使馆的,后被退回。从封上的天津汉文戳可推断,上海工部局书信馆又将此函转寄到了天津,而非收件地址上所标注的北京。

这是现存唯一一例由上海转寄的非公函进口封。此函作为非公务类海关邮件,加贴了3分银国内邮资。

此函为何转寄到天津而非北京?这一谜题正体现了研究海关邮政历史的有趣之处。由于现存史料不全,目前尚无定论。况且事实上邮件的投递方式也并非是一成不变的。[5]

收件人卡尔·阿恩德是一位著名的德国汉学家。在1869至1873年间,阿恩德担任北德意志联邦驻天津领事馆的总领事,1874年至1883年间,他又在德国驻北京领事馆任职。1883年,阿恩德肯定在天津留驻过一段时期,此函才转寄到了天津。

(六)美国进口封片

22. 1885年4月4日纽约寄温州片(图13)。

美国1美分明信片,贴1美分单枚邮票,销1885年4月4日黑色日戳,另贴阔边大龙1分银1枚,销上海海关1885年5月12日黑色英文戳,后转寄至温州。

[5] 有趣的是,在《佛尔克书信集》(Forke Correspondence)中收藏有一系列在1892至1893年间由德国汉堡或瑞士阿旺什寄往德国驻北京领事馆的信函。这些实寄封生动展现了邮件投递的必经路径。对照其中的一件瑞士进口封可见,对这份邮件的处理有一个有趣的演变过程。例如,一封1892年8月29日寄上海函,封上只有上海德国邮政代办处的到达戳;随后的两封于9月12日和19日寄出,封上又有天津海关红色英文戳;同年10月10日寄出的一封,封上贴小龙邮票3分银1枚,销上海海关黑色英文戳和天津海关红色英文戳;另5封均于同年10月31日至12月19日寄出,在上海入境后全部加盖“TO PAY”(邮资待付)红色英文戳;次年1月16日寄出的一封,封上仅有天津海关红色英文戳;随后又有一封于1月23日由阿旺什寄出,封上贴小龙3分银1枚,销天津蓝色汉文戳及天津海关红色英文戳。

拍卖纪录:

佳士得/罗布森·劳(苏黎世)拍卖公司,1989年11月23日,第2026号拍品。

参考文献:

黄建斌,《大龙信封存世考》,中国台北:黄建斌文教基金会,1997年,第489~491页;

水源明窗邮集。

根据海关总税务司第204号通令,自1882年12月22日起,海关邮件将免贴海关邮票。至此,寄发海关公函只需盖“海关邮件”戳,不必贴付大龙邮票。

此令通用于由上海海关转寄国内各海关的海外进口件。例如,1894年1月6日法国10生丁明信片在上海加盖红色 “上海海关公事邮件”戳,后转寄到北京海关书院。(源流:香港国际亚洲拍卖会,2017年12月4日,第386号拍品。)

这一时期,由上海中转至南方各埠的大龙封可谓凤毛麟角。此外,为何将1分银作为国内邮资的原因尚不明确,并且这一时期并未出台明信片的寄递费率。然而,1887年10月6日由北京经香港寄英国的3美分明信片同样只加付了1分银国内邮资。(参考文献:黄建斌,《大龙信封存世考》,中国台北:黄建斌文教基金会,1997年,第538~540页。)

图14

图15待考:

1883年3月22日,伦敦寄上海封(图14)。

封上贴英国2½便士邮票横双连,销1883年3月22日日戳及“77”戳,加贴大龙邮票3分银1枚,销上海海关1883年5月3日黑色日戳;封背盖上海海关1883年5月2日到达戳。

拍卖纪录:

布约翰(香港)拍卖公司,2008年2月29日,第445号拍品;

苏黎世亚洲(香港)拍卖公司,2010年4月24日,第637号拍品;

迈克尔·罗杰斯(温特帕克)邮票拍卖公司,2013年12月7日,第199号拍品;

斯宾克(香港)拍卖公司,2016年1月17日,第2100号拍品。

此函收件地址是华北保险公司[6] 驻上海办事处,收件人是肯纳德·戴维斯。这显然是一封私人邮件,并且收件地址就在上海本埠,不需要支付国内邮资,因此也就无需加贴大龙邮票。

不过,肯纳德·戴维斯作为这家跨地市私营公司的总经理,除了上海,他还时常留驻于香港。但是,从信封上来看,并没有跟香港有关的标注,况且此人也并非清朝海关的洋员。

总而言之,在1882年12月22日海关总税务司发布第204号通令后,凡海关公务邮件均按规定加盖“海关邮件”戳记,无需加贴海关邮票。邮票专备公众购买已支付邮资。

在戴维斯现存的书信中,此封是唯一由伦敦寄上海的大龙封。除此之外,还有一些未贴海关邮票的进口封。例如,1879年11月7日伦敦经布林迪西、香港寄上海封,封上贴英国6便士票(源流:斯宾克拍卖公司,No.5023,2005年3月,第823号拍品);1884年2月15日伦敦寄上海封(图15),封上贴英国2½便士票2枚,以及1884年11月14日和12月19日分别由伦敦寄上海封,各贴英国5便士邮票1枚(源流:斯宾克拍卖公司,2005年3月,第827、828号拍品)。

这些信件均未支付国内邮资。其中,1884年2月15日的进口封还有待应用最新的技术经验或科学手段针对此封的两处海关日期戳进行深入的分析。

[6] 华北保险公司 (The North China Insurance Company),早在1863年,该公司便在中国各地设有办事处,其中包括牛庄和天津。

 

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