Art Goes Public
As night fell on June 30, 2016, Ullens Center for Contemporary Art (UCCA) and the Ullens Foundation released a joint statement at their official website, declaring that Guy Ullens, founder of both organizations, was planning to transfer UCCA and his personal collection, an announcement that sparked concern from the art circles across China.
Guy Ullens is a Belgian collector who began acquiring modern Chinese art in 1987. Today, 80 percent of his 2,000-piece Chinese collection held in Switzerland is categorized as contemporary art, making him the foremost collector of modern Chinese art.
In November 2007, Ullens founded UCCA in Beijing’s 798 Art District, just as the area was beginning to blossom. Designers Jean-Michel Wilmotte from France and Ma Qingyun from China preservedthe original architectural style of a 1950sera workshop when transforming it into an 8,000-square-meter artistic space for international exhibitions.
October 2007: Guy Ullens and his wife at the space before Ullens Center for Contemporary Art is completed.
Ullens Center for Contemporary Art (UCCA), founded in 2014 by Belgian collector Guy Ullens, has become one of the most globally-influential private art galleries in China. Well-known Chinese art critic and event planner Fei Dawei was recruited as UCCA’s curator, and he themed its inaugural exhibition: ‘85 New Wave: The Birth of Chinese Contemporary Art. “China experienced its first zenith of artistic creation in 1985, forming the basic structure of contemporary art in relation to its art history,” explains Fei.
The exhibition became China’s first showing of globally-influential contemporary Chinese art. Not only did the event showcase the exhibition space’s unique architecture and the works’ profundity, but it left a massive impact on the Chinese art market, arousing retrospective fever and reflection on Chinese art during the 1980s. For quite a while, UCCA was praised as a “good example of museum-caliber private artistic space for modern Chinese art,” and Ullens, its founder, gained a sterling reputation in China.
After a beautiful inaugural exhibit, UCCA hosted over 100 exhibitions across the subsequent decade and welcomed more than 4 million visitors. Covering a wide array of contemporary Chinese art, it illuminated the veins and stages of development with group exhibitions like “Breaking Forecast: 8 Key Figures of China’s New Generation Artists (2009)” and “ON/OFF: China’s Young Artists in Concept and Practice (2013),” highlighted the charm of modern Chinese art via solo exhibitions of artists like Liu Xiaodong and Diao Deqian, and traced ideological trends and cultural phenomena through exhibitions like “Rauschenberg in China (2016).” These major exhibitions have each gifted UCCA with distinctive features and enhanced its reputation until it became an international brand.
Book from Heaven, a masterpiece by famous Chinese artist Xu Bing, on display at UCCA. The UCCA’s inaugural exhibition, “‘85 New Wave: The Birth of Chinese Contemporary Art,” became the first exhibition of modern Chinese art in the country to exert international influence, thanks in large part to the painstaking effort by Fei Dawei, then UCCA’s curator and a famous Chinese event planner and art critic.
June-August 2016: A color photo taken in 1982 by Robert Rauschenberg, an American master artist, on display at the large exhibition, “Rauschenberg in China.” Over the last 10 years, UCCA has hosted more than 100 exhibitions, drawing some 4 million visitors.
2014: “Los Angeles Plan” covers UCCA’s entire exhibition hall, showcasing art by seven of the most influential artists from Los Angeles. “UCCA has become the top choice for solo exhibitions for many working artists from around world,” declares Xie Suzhen, an eminent exhibition planner and art director of Yinchuan Modern Art Gallery.
In 2009, Ullens began selling his personal collection of Chinese art, which caused two spikes in the Chinese art market. In both spring and autumn that year, Poly Auction in Beijing saw sales of a number of big-ticket Chinese calligraphy and painting works, both ancient and modern. Among them, Eighteen Arhats by Wu Bin of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) and a calligraphic work by Zeng Gong, one of the eight great calligraphers of the Tang and Song (618-1279) dynasties, each sold for more than 100 million yuan. In 2011 at Sotheby's spring auction, Forever Lasting Love by contemporary Chinese artist Zhang Xiaogang sold for HK$79.06 million.
Never before were so many questions asked about Ullens, as a debate rose about whether a Western collector was about to “sell out” contemporary Chinese art.
In August 2011, Xue Mei (right) was promoted from retail director to CEO, and in January 2012, Jérôme Sans, an Italian-American world-renowned curator, was recruited as curator of UCCA during restructuring of the third-generation leading body.
In May 2012, UCCA Store, one of the highest-profile art stores in China, established UCCA Store @ Design, a creative “lab” for art marketing that birthed its own brand.
Crisis or Opportunity?
The rapid spread of the news that UCCA was about to be sold bothered many Chinese investors and art lovers. “Because of its board of directors system, it will effectively transform into the operational mode of a foundation,” opines curator Wang Chunchen. “Mr. Ullens announced the decision so suddenly, that the trajectory of UCCA's transition is undoubtedly challengeable.”
Both UCCA and other art galleries in China face a common challenge in determining how to merge such public platforms into the “personalized era.”
In the West, many art galleries have already been successfully transformed. Century-old private gallery Tate Britain, for example, smoothly transformed into a public institution by using the operational mode of a foundation. UCCA’s present turning point, however, is more complicated than Tate’s.
“UCCA must accomplish the mission of transforming itself at its own cost via its own operations and fundraising, while all the expenses at Tate, including rent, water, power, and labor, were financed by the government,” illustrates Xie Suzhen. “UCCA can’t just follow what Tate did.”
Over the last few years, stakeholders of UCCA have made tireless efforts and achieved tentative success. In August 2011, Xue Mei was promoted from retail director to CEO, and in January 2012, Jérôme Sans, an Italian-American world-renowned curator, was recruited as curator of UCCA during restructuring of the third-generation leading body. In May 2012, UCCA Store, one of the highest-profile art stores in China, established UCCA Store @ Design, a creative “lab” for art marketing that birthed its own brand. By October that year, UCCA's sponsorship council and academic committee had been founded and required membership dues for access to various campaigns organized by the UCCA. At the end of the year, UCCA held its first annual charity auction.
Such moves have brought dramatic changes to the organization’s methods of raising working capital. In 2015, UCCA spent a total of 40.92 million yuan, 25 percent of which was from Ullens, 25 percent from enterprise sponsors, 20 percent from charity, 20 percent from its store, and 10 percent from private sponsorship, namely membership of the council.
Some welcomed Ullens’ decision to sell UCAA as a new challenge. Others consider it an opportunity that other Chinese private art galleries, financed completely by their respective founders, will never get. Many long to become public institutions with foundation systems.
Exactly how to make a graceful transformation is a pressing issue for many private art galleries in China. The auction of much of UCCA’s collection is likely only the start of this journey.
2015: A UCCA auction. At the end of 2012, UCCA launched its annual charity auction. In 2015, the profits from such auctions made up to 20 percent of its operating costs.